Fungal Mosquitoes and fliesMosquitoes and flies belong to the order Diptera . It is known five families of this order, trophic associated with fungi, but are most common, and it harms champignons in artificial cultivation of representatives of only threefamilies .

The female lays 150 - 170 eggs, one at a time or in groups of 20 - 40 pieces in the substrate, the coating material or fruiting bodies - hymenial layer or base leg mushroom . The eggs are white, shiny, translucent, oval, length 0.15 0.7 mm (in different species) . egg phase depending on the temperature continues 4 - 10days .

The total duration of the cycle of individual development varies from 24 to 38 days .

Gall midges peculiar life cycle with the full development of (Fig. 43.6) . The adults are very small, a length of 1 - 2 mm, with a clearly visible long antennae, wingshave longitudinal venation . Imago lives 2 - 3 days, during this period does not eat . Females lay their eggs in or coating the substrate material. After 4 - 6 days occurs otrozhde-larvae of which reach the end of its length of 2 - 3 mm, have a transparent cuticle, gut as a translucent dark brown or orange spot .

Larvae pupate in a cocoon, sometimes in the form of Calliphora vicina, within the layer of coating material, doll depending on the conditions of living 8 - 14 days .

Flies of the family are full cycle of development . Adult inconspicuous, with swollen hump-prominent breasts, strongfeet with thick thighs . Wings transparent with longitudinal pronounced veining on the leading edge. body length 3 - 4 mm on the head are short antennae (Fig. 43) .

The larvae pupate inside Calliphora vicina in the upper layers of soil champignons . Dolly Ovalyellowish-white, 2 mm long, with two black spiracular tubes; lives of 4 - 7 and 14 days, depending on temperature .

Membracidae harm champignons in the larval stage,larvae feed on mycelium and fruiting bodies tissues, gnawing in the past numerous passages, resulting in fruiting bodies darken and rot. Also, Membracidae often carry pathogens of various diseases, especially dry rot fruiting bodies .

2 . Composting substrate on paved areas or indoors in compliance with hygienic rules .

-very small insects of different colors - from white to red . In vivo mites live in a variety of places, eat a variety of plant waste .

Mites harm champignons phase larvae eating hyphae and adults gnaw passages in the fruit bodies and destroy Mycelial cord connection . Damaged fruit bodiesremain underdeveloped, they quickly developed a huge number of bacteria, resulting in mushrooms darken and become unfit for consumption .

Straw or hay mites (Tugor-hagus dimidiatus Herm . ) . The adults are small, barely visiblethe naked eye, yellowish-white, back and legs covered with brown hairs (Fig. 44 b) . Straw mites live in places with high humidity . In vivo mites way mold growing on decaying plant debris .

Small mushroom mite (Tarsonemus spp . ) - Very small, beige, has many similarities with strawberrymites .

Springtails are found in a variety of conditions, but usually they are demanding to humidity, not demanding to heat, so many kinds of activity at low temperatures . The most favorable temperature for the development of sublevels 15 - 25 ° C . At temperatures above 35 ° C sublevels die quickly . a complete cycle of development . Eggslay in small groups of 5 - 10 pieces on the surface of the substrate, the coating material on the base or legs fruiting bodies . From the eggs hatch the larvae are very similar to adults, but without division of the body to the chest and abdomen . Changing age sublevels occurs in adulthood through the moult .

Control measures . 1 . Strict observance of sanitary rules in a mushroom and cleanliness of the area around it . Removal of residual substrate and mushroom waste from the territory of a mushroom .

Nematodes - very small worms length of 0.6 - 1.2, thickness 0.02 - 0.09 mm . The body is translucent, eel-like shape . In nature, nematodes are found in a variety of conditions - in the upper layers of the soil, in decaying plant debris in the water . They neededmild temperatures (about 18 ° C) and humid environment, in such circumstances, they are very active breed, but the most favorable temperature for adults is about 24 ° C .

Nematodes can fall into a mushroom substrate, and the coating material even with the irrigation water. Nematode damage is quite difficult to observe. Typically, this is found only in strong damage. The surface has ridges desiccated appearance due to the large number of dead young fruit bodies in the layer of coating material and substrate hyphae are hardly visible . Darkens substrate and a flavor or timber heather soil, and then - a specific fishy odor . At verystrong damage on the surface of the coating material, particularly when lateral illumination can be detected and moving upward protruding thread which constitute plexus nematodes . Moving nematodes possible within the mushroom fungus gnats and flies, as well as for the service personnel .

2 . The proper pasteurization of the substrate in appropriate conditions during the periodconditioning .

5. At the end of culture circulation, thermal processing space with its contents at a temperature of 70° C for 12 hours .

Woodlice populated mostly raw, adapted for mushroom growing cellars with insufficient ventilation, inspecial land cultivation facilities woodlice appearance is very rare .

2 . Pasteurization substrate at 58 - 60 ° C for 6 - 12 hrs.

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