His long-standing practice of mushroom cultivation showed that the best breeding ground for it - straw fermented horse manure obtained by animal confinement . However, not every horse manure is suitable for the preparation of champignon substrate . It is proved that the quality of manure depends on a variety of reasons, including thetime of year, the diet of horses, which in turn is related to the objectives of the use of animals . The most valuable straw manure from horse race when the diet was feeding them a sufficient amount of feed . Use as sawdust litter produces manure, the quality of which forpreparation of the substrate yields manure on straw . Dung horses used for agricultural work, as a rule, "heavy", as the animals get in the diet more green fodder and little concentrated .

Chemical composition of horse manurevaries considerably depending on the quality and type of feed and feeding of the diet . According to VIUA, the nutrient content of fresh horse manure may vary within the following limits (%): total nitrogen - 0.32 - 0.84; phosphorus ( P205) - 0.18 - 0.68 Potassium (K2O) - 0.23 - 0.8 .

6 . Composition of different types of fresh manure on the straw,% (data Institute Institute NIUIF, VIUA and other institutions)Cattle manure and pig contains more water and some other nutrients in comparison with a horse, both types of manure but very viscous, almost no leak air so warmed up is too slow and poorly fermented . In this regard, they are less suitable forchampignons substrate preparation . However, the manure of cattle and pigs can be used for the preparation of the substrate as components with straw and other materials .

Part of	Equine	Large Cattle Cattle	Sheep	Pigs	Mixed . Ny
Water	72.0	77,30	64.60	72,40	75.0
Nitrogen Organic matter :	24.50	20,30	31,80	25,00	21.0
Total	0.52	0.45	0.83	0.45	0.50
Protein	0.33	0.28	-	-	0.31
Ammonia	0.15	0.14	-	0.20	0.15
Phosphorus (P₂)₅	0.31	0.23	0.23	0.19	0.25
Potassium (KrO)	0.60	0.50	0.67	0.60	0.60
Calcium (CaO)	-	0.40	0.33	0.18	0.35
Magnesium (MgO)	-	0.11	0.18	0.09	0.15

Straw cereals contain large amounts of carbohydrates, potassium, calcium and other mineral elements needed for the mushroom . With good air permeability, straw fermented rather slow due to the low content of nitrogenous substances and the lack ofit necessary microflora, so the substrate made from straw, can not provide satisfactory yields of mushroom .

Since straw and manure contain insufficient amount of nitrogenous substances needed for mushroom cultivation, these basic materials for the preparation of the substrate is added organic materials with a high content of nitrogen and mineral nitrogen fertilizers .

Of nitrogen fertilizers in champignons substrate added urea (urea), ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate . When using ammonium sulfate is necessary to make an equal amount of lime to neutralize the acidifying effect of fertilizers . With a lack of asubstrate phosphorus and potassium are added superphosphate and potash fertilizers .

The total nitrogen content in the mixed raw material for fermentation shouldat the level of 1.6 - 2% of dry matter . Based on years of research C . Ranchevoy (PRB), a method for calculating the materials for the preparation of the substrate with the nitrogen content of its component parts and the addition of nitrogen-containing substances to 2% of the total nitrogen (Table . 9) .

degradable materials subjected to alter the composition of organic substances in them and create the conditions necessary for the growth and developmentmushroom;

possible to eliminate pathogens and organisms competing with mushrooms .

Bfresh manure and other nutrients materials are composed of compounds that are not assimilated by the mushroom mycelium. Summary of the nitrogen present in the form of ammonium compounds in a concentration such that the mushroom is not able to transfer. By developing vital microorganisms in the substrate for a periodFermentation ammonium form of nitrogen compounds are converted into compounds of the protein to form eventually lignin-humus complex, rich in nitrogen, which is able to absorb nitrogen mushroom . It was established that the assimilation of nitrogen from this complex only available to basidiomycetes, in particular for the mushroom , becausethese enzymes are highly active, for example, phenol oxidase .

Prepared by spontaneous fermentation substrate when filling the room for growing the culture must have the following quality indicators: a homogeneous structure, piecesstraw rather short, dark, burn straw torsional breaks with little resistance;

perceptible odor of ammonia .

8 . Chemical composition of some industrial waste used for making the substrate Agaricus%

Waste (non-food) meat-
The contents of the stomach of ruminants 50 - 85	0.3	0.9	0.4
Shlyam :	0.3	0.9	0.4
HEPA	11.7	-	-
Dry
Beef 80 - 85	1,6	-	-
Swine 90 - 92	0.8	-	-
Waste leather industry
Mezdra Raw	2.0	_	-
"Air-	6.0	0.3	-
Dry
Leather dust 13	6.8	-	-
Rawhide chips Air	6.0	-	-
Dry
Waste silk factories
Silk Air pupa	12, i	-	-
Dry
Silk fluff "	11.7	-	-
Production waste	Wine
Wine precipitation Air-	3,9	-	-
Dry
Waste (non-food) the fishing industry
Raw fish waste -	2.5	2.0	-
Rye
Delphinidae flour 7.5	8,7	4.9	-
Air-fish scales	10.4	8.6	-

9 . Example calculation components for preparing the substrate

Material	Quantity in kg	Humidity,%	Dry matter, kg	Nitrogen Content			Need to add nitrogen to2%
Material	Quantity in kg	Humidity,%	Dry matter, kg	%	Kg	In% Mixtures	%	Kg
Wheat straw	1000	15	850	0.5	4.25	-	-	-
Horse manure medium straw	1000	50	500	0.8	6.40
Chicken manure (broilers)	800	40	480	3,5	16,80	-	-
	2800	-	1830	-	27.45	1.50	0.5	9.15
Urea (urea)	20	-	20	46	9.20	-	-	-
Total	2820	-	1850	-	36.65	1.98	-	-

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